As a Schengen associate state, Iceland is bound by Articles 4x and 4xa of the EU Crisis Regulation (agreed at COREPER II on 4 October 2023), which modifies Dublin Regulation rules in extraordinary circumstances relating to asylum and migration. This was part of the EU Migration and Asylum Pact — a package approach adopted since 2016 where individual proposals cannot take effect until all are agreed. The package was completed before the end of the 2019–2024 Commission/Parliament term in June 2024. This demonstrates that Schengen association (which Iceland has under the EEA framework) creates binding obligations in asylum and migration policy that extend well beyond border control.